The objective is a tall order. The quantum-resistant cryptographic data needed to transparently publish TLS certificates is roughly 40 times bigger than the classical cryptographic material used today. Today’s X.509 certificates are about 64 bytes in size, and comprise six elliptic curve signatures and two EC public keys. This material can be cracked through the quantum-enabled Shor’s algorithm. Certificates containing the equivalent quantum-resistant cryptographic material are roughly 2.5 kilobytes. All this data must be transmitted when a browser connects to a site.
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2025年，美国标普500指数累计上涨17.25%，纳斯达克指数累计上涨21.27%，道琼斯工业平均指数上涨13.69%。由小盘股构成的罗素2000指数2025年累积涨幅为12.13%，连续第五年跑输标普500指数。美股七大权重科技股（苹果、微软、谷歌、亚马逊、英伟达、特斯拉、Meta）2025年上涨25.81%。权重科技股和人工智能题材股在2025年是推动美国股市继续走高的主要力量。
paper: “plain smooth surface”
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